
The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People, Volume I
by BRINKLEY-
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Summary
Table of Contents
List of Illustrations | p. xv |
List of Maps and Charts | p. xviii |
Preface | p. xxi |
The Meeting of Cultures | p. 2 |
America Before Columbus | p. 4 |
The Civilizations of the South | p. 4 |
The Civilizations of the North | p. 4 |
Europe Looks Westward | p. 7 |
Commerce and Nationalist | p. 8 |
Christopher Columbus | p. 8 |
The Spanish Empire | p. 10 |
Northern Outposts | p. 12 |
Biological and Cultural Exchanges | p. 12 |
Africa and America | p. 16 |
The Arrival of the English | p. 19 |
Incentives for Colonization | p. 19 |
The French and the Dutch in America | p. 22 |
The First English Settlements | p. 22 |
Debating the Past: The American Population Before Columbus | p. 14 |
America in the World: The Atlantic Context of Early American History | p. 18 |
Conclusion | p. 24 |
For Further Reference | p. 25 |
Transplantations and Borderlands | p. 26 |
The Early Chesapeake | p. 28 |
The Founding of Jamestown | p. 28 |
Reorganization and Expansion | p. 28 |
Exchanges of Agricultural Technology | p. 31 |
Maryland and The Calverts | p. 32 |
Bacon's Rebellion | p. 34 |
The Growth of New England | p. 35 |
Plymouth Plantation | p. 35 |
The Massachusetts Bay Experiment | p. 37 |
The Expansion of New England | p. 38 |
Settlers and Natives | p. 40 |
King Philip's War and the Technology of Battle | p. 40 |
The Restoration Colonies | p. 42 |
The English Civil War | p. 42 |
The Carolinas | p. 43 |
New Netherlands New York, and New Jersey | p. 44 |
The Quaker Colonies | p. 45 |
Borderlands and Middle Grounds | p. 46 |
The Caribbean Islands | p. 47 |
Masters and Slaves in the Caribbean | p. 47 |
The Southwestern Borderlands | p. 48 |
The Southeast Borderlands | p. 50 |
The Founding of Georgia | p. 51 |
Middle Grounds | p. 52 |
The Development of Empire | p. 55 |
The Dominion of New England | p. 55 |
The "Glorious Revolution" | p. 56 |
Debating the Past: Native Americans and "The Middle Ground" | p. 54 |
Conclusion | p. 57 |
For Further Reference | p. 58 |
Society and Culture in Provincial America | p. 60 |
The Colonial Population | p. 62 |
Indentured Servitude | p. 62 |
Birth and Death | p. 62 |
Medicine in the Colonies | p. 63 |
Women and Families in the Colonies | p. 64 |
The Beginnings of Slavery in English America | p. 65 |
Changing Sources of European Immigration | p. 67 |
The Colonial Economies | p. 71 |
The Southern Economy | p. 71 |
Northern Economic and Technological Life | p. 72 |
The Extent and Limits of Technology | p. 73 |
The Rise of Colonial Commerce | p. 74 |
The Rise of Consumerism | p. 75 |
Patterns of Society | p. 76 |
Masters and Slaves on the Plantation | p. 77 |
The Puritan Community | p. 78 |
Cities | p. 81 |
Awakenings and Enlightenments | p. 83 |
The Pattern of Religions | p. 83 |
The Great Awakening | p. 84 |
The Enlightenment | p. 85 |
Literacy and Technology | p. 85 |
Education | p. 86 |
The Spread of Science | p. 88 |
Concepts of Law and Politics | p. 88 |
Debating the Past: The Origins of Slavery | p. 68 |
Debating the Past: The Withcraft Trials | p. 82 |
Conclusion | p. 90 |
For Further Reference | p. 91 |
The Empire in Transition | p. 92 |
Loosening Ties | p. 93 |
A Decentralized Empire | p. 94 |
The Colonies Divided | p. 94 |
The Struggle for the Continent | p. 95 |
New France and the Iroquois Nation | p. 95 |
Anglo-French Conflicts | p. 96 |
The Great War for the Empire | p. 97 |
The New Imperialism | p. 99 |
Burdens of Empire | p. 99 |
The British and the Tribes | p. 101 |
Battles over Trade and Taxes | p. 102 |
Stirrings of Revolt | p. 103 |
The Stamp Act Crisis | p. 103 |
The Townshend Program | p. 104 |
The Boston Massacre | p. 105 |
The Philosophy of Revolt | p. 107 |
Sites of Resistance | p. 108 |
The Tea Excitement | p. 109 |
Cooperation and War | p. 111 |
New Sources of Authority | p. 111 |
Lexington and Concord | p. 113 |
Conclusion | p. 114 |
For Further Reference | p. 115 |
The American Revolution | p. 116 |
The States United | p. 118 |
Defining American War Aims | p. 118 |
The Declaration of Independence | p. 118 |
Mobilizing for War | p. 119 |
The War for Independence | p. 122 |
The First Phase: New England | p. 122 |
The Second Phase: The Mid-Atlantic Region | p. 122 |
Securing Aid from Abroad | p. 125 |
The Final Phase: The South | p. 126 |
Winning the Peace | p. 128 |
War and Society | p. 129 |
Loyalists and Minorities | p. 129 |
The War and Slavery | p. 131 |
Native Americans and the Revolution | p. 133 |
Women's Rights and Women's Roles | p. 133 |
The War Economy | p. 134 |
The Creation of State Governments | p. 135 |
The Assumptions of Republicanism | p. 135 |
The First State Constitutions | p. 136 |
Revising State Governments | p. 136 |
Toleration and Slavery | p. 137 |
The Search for a National Government | p. 137 |
The Confederation | p. 138 |
Diplomatic Failures | p. 138 |
The Confederation and the Northwest | p. 139 |
Indians and the Western Lands | p. 141 |
Debts, Taxes, and Daniel Shays | p. 141 |
Debating the Past: The American Revolution | p. 120 |
America in the World: The Age of Revolutions | p. 130 |
Conclusion | p. 143 |
For Further Reference | p. 144 |
The Constitution and the New Republic | p. 146 |
Framing a New Government | p. 147 |
Advocates of Reform | p. 148 |
A Divided Convention | p. 148 |
Compromise | p. 150 |
The Constitution of 1787 | p. 151 |
Adoption and Adaptation | p. 152 |
Federalists and Antifederalists | p. 152 |
Completing the Structure | p. 154 |
Federalists and Republicans | p. 155 |
Hamilton and the Federalists | p. 155 |
Enacting the Federalist Program | p. 156 |
The Republican Opposition | p. 157 |
Establishing National Sovereignty | p. 158 |
Securing the West | p. 158 |
Maintaining Neutrality | p. 160 |
The Downfall of the Federalists | p. 161 |
The Election of 1796 | p. 161 |
The Quasi War with France | p. 161 |
Repression and Protest | p. 162 |
The "Revolution" of 1800 | p. 164 |
Conclusion | p. 165 |
For Further Reference | p. 165 |
The Jeffersonian Era | p. 168 |
The Rise of Cultural Nationalism | p. 170 |
Educational and Literary Nationalism | p. 170 |
Medicine and Science | p. 171 |
Cultural Aspirations of the New Nation | p. 172 |
Religion and Revivalism | p. 173 |
Stirrings of Industrialism | p. 175 |
Technology in America | p. 175 |
Transportation Innovations | p. 177 |
Country and City | p. 180 |
Jefferson the President | p. 180 |
The Federal City and the "People's President" | p. 181 |
Dollars and Ships | p. 182 |
Conflict with the Courts | p. 183 |
Doubling the National Domain | p. 184 |
Jefferson and Napoleon | p. 184 |
The Louisiana Purchase | p. 186 |
Exploring the West | p. 186 |
The Burr Conspiracy | p. 187 |
Expansion and War | p. 189 |
Conflict on the Seas | p. 190 |
Impressment | p. 190 |
"Peaceable Coercion" | p. 191 |
The "Indian Problem" and the British | p. 192 |
Tecumseh and the Prophet | p. 193 |
Florida and War Fever | p. 194 |
The War of 1812 | p. 195 |
Battles with the Tribes | p. 195 |
Battles with the British | p. 196 |
The Revolt of New England | p. 196 |
The Peace Settlement | p. 199 |
America in the World: The Global Industrial Revolution | p. 178 |
Conclusion | p. 199 |
For Further Reference | p. 200 |
Varieties of American Nationalism | p. 202 |
Stabilizing Economic Growth | p. 203 |
The Government and Economic Growth | p. 204 |
Transportation | p. 204 |
Expanding Westward | p. 206 |
The Great Migration | p. 207 |
White Settlers in the Old Northwest | p. 207 |
The Plantation System in the Old Southwest | p. 208 |
Trade and Trapping in the Far West | p. 208 |
Eastern Images of the West | p. 209 |
The "Era of Good Feelings" | p. 210 |
The End of the First Party System | p. 210 |
John Quincy Adams and Florida | p. 212 |
The Panic of 1819 | p. 213 |
Sectionalism and Nationalism | p. 213 |
The Missouri Compromise | p. 213 |
Marshall and the Court | p. 215 |
The Court and the Tribes | p. 217 |
The Latin American Revolution and the Monroe Doctrine | p. 218 |
The Revival of Opposition | p. 219 |
The "Corrupt Bargain" | p. 219 |
The Second President Adams | p. 220 |
Jackson Triumphant | p. 220 |
Conclusion | p. 221 |
For Further Reference | p. 222 |
Jacksonian America | p. 224 |
The Rise of Mass Politics | p. 225 |
The Expanding Electorate | p. 226 |
The Legitimization of Party | p. 228 |
President of the Common Man | p. 228 |
"Our Federal Union" | p. 229 |
Calhoun and Nullification | p. 231 |
The Rise of Van Buren | p. 231 |
The Webster-Hayne Debate | p. 232 |
The Nullification Crisis | p. 232 |
The Removal of the Indians | p. 233 |
White Attitudes toward the Tribes | p. 233 |
The "Five Civilized Tribes" | p. 233 |
Trails of Tears | p. 234 |
The Meaning of Removal | p. 236 |
Jackson and the Bank War | p. 236 |
Biddle's Institution | p. 237 |
The "Monster" Destroyed | p. 237 |
The Taney Court | p. 238 |
The Emergence of the Second Party System | p. 239 |
The Two Parties | p. 239 |
Politics after Jackson | p. 241 |
The Panic of 1837 | p. 241 |
The Van Buren Program | p. 242 |
The Log Cabin Campaign | p. 243 |
The Frustration of the Whigs | p. 245 |
Whig Diplomacy | p. 245 |
Debating the Past: Jacksonian Democracy | p. 230 |
Conclusion | p. 246 |
For Further Reference | p. 247 |
America's Economic Revolution | p. 248 |
The Changing American Population | p. 249 |
Population Trends | p. 250 |
Immigration and Urban Growth, 1840-1860 | p. 250 |
The Rise of Nativism | p. 252 |
Transportation and Communications Revolutions | p. 253 |
The Canal Age | p. 253 |
The Early Railroads | p. 255 |
The Triumph of the Rails | p. 256 |
The Telegraph | p. 256 |
New Forms of Journalism | p. 258 |
Commerce and Industry | p. 259 |
The Expansion of Business, 1820-1840 | p. 259 |
The Emergence of the Factory | p. 259 |
Advances in Technology | p. 260 |
Innovations in Corporate Organization | p. 261 |
Men and Women at Work | p. 262 |
Recruiting a Native Work Force | p. 262 |
The Immigrant Work Force | p. 264 |
The Factory System and the Artisan Tradition | p. 264 |
Fighting for Control | p. 265 |
Patterns of Society | p. 266 |
The Rich and the Poor | p. 266 |
Social Mobility | p. 268 |
Middle-Class Life | p. 268 |
The Changing Family | p. 269 |
The "Cult of Domesticity" | p. 270 |
Leisure Activities | p. 271 |
The Agricultural North | p. 272 |
Northeastern Agriculture | p. 272 |
The Old Northwest | p. 273 |
Rural Life | p. 275 |
Conclusion | p. 276 |
For Further Reference | p. 276 |
Cotton, Slavery, and the Old South | p. 278 |
The Cotton Economy | p. 280 |
The Rise of King Cotton | p. 280 |
Southern Trade and Industry | p. 282 |
Sources of Southern Difference | p. 284 |
Southern White Society | p. 285 |
The Planter Class | p. 285 |
The "Southern Lady" | p. 286 |
The Plain Folk | p. 287 |
Slavery: The "Peculiar Institution" | p. 289 |
Varieties of Slavery | p. 289 |
Life under Slavery | p. 291 |
Slavery in the Cities | p. 293 |
Free Blacks | p. 293 |
Slave Resistance | p. 294 |
The Culture of Slavery | p. 296 |
Slave Religion | p. 296 |
Language and Music | p. 297 |
The Slave Family | p. 298 |
Debating the Past: The Character of Slavery | p. 290 |
Conclusion | p. 299 |
For Further Reference | p. 299 |
Antebellum Culture and Reform | p. 302 |
The Romantic Impulse | p. 304 |
Nationalism and Romanticism in American Painting | p. 304 |
An American Literature | p. 304 |
Literature in the Antebellum South | p. 306 |
The Transcendentalists | p. 307 |
The Defense of Nature | p. 308 |
Visions of Utopia | p. 308 |
Redefining Gender Roles | p. 310 |
The Mormons | p. 311 |
Remaking Society | p. 312 |
Revivalism, Morality, and Order | p. 312 |
Health, Science, and Phrenology | p. 312 |
Medical Science | p. 315 |
Education | p. 315 |
Rehabilitation | p. 316 |
The Rise of Feminism | p. 317 |
The Crusade against Slavery | p. 318 |
Early Opposition to Slavery | p. 318 |
Garrison and Abolitionism | p. 319 |
Black Abolitionists | p. 319 |
Anti-Abolitionism | p. 322 |
Abolitionism Divided | p. 323 |
America in the World: The Abolition of Slavery | p. 320 |
Conclusion | p. 324 |
For Further Reference | p. 325 |
The Impending Crisis | p. 326 |
Looking Westward | p. 327 |
Manifest Destiny | p. 328 |
Americans in Texas | p. 328 |
Oregon | p. 329 |
The Westward Migration | p. 330 |
Expansion and War | p. 332 |
The Democrats and Expansion | p. 332 |
The Southwest and California | p. 334 |
The Mexican War | p. 335 |
The Sectional Debate | p. 338 |
Slavery and the Territories | p. 338 |
The California Gold Rush | p. 339 |
Rising Sectional Tensions | p. 340 |
The Compromise of 1850 | p. 341 |
The Crises of the 1850s | p. 343 |
The Uneasy Truce | p. 343 |
"Young America" | p. 343 |
Slavery, Railroads, and the West | p. 344 |
The Kansas-Nebraska Controversy | p. 344 |
"Bleeding Kansas" | p. 345 |
The Free-Soil Ideology | p. 346 |
The Pro-Slavery Argument | p. 347 |
Buchanan and Depression | p. 348 |
The Dred Scott Decision | p. 349 |
Deadlock over Kansas | p. 349 |
The Emergence of Lincoln | p. 350 |
John Brown's Raid | p. 351 |
The Election of Lincoln | p. 352 |
Conclusion | p. 353 |
For Further Reference | p. 354 |
The Civil War | p. 356 |
The Secession Crisis | p. 357 |
The Withdrawal of the South | p. 357 |
The Failure of Compromise | p. 358 |
The Opposing Sides | p. 360 |
The Mobilization of the North | p. 360 |
Economic Nationalism | p. 360 |
Raising the Union Armies | p. 361 |
Wartime Leadership and Politics | p. 362 |
The Politics of Emancipation | p. 363 |
African Americans and the Union Cause | p. 364 |
Women, Nursing, and the War | p. 365 |
The Mobilization of the South | p. 365 |
Confederate Government | p. 366 |
Money and Manpower | p. 367 |
Economic and Social Effects of the War | p. 368 |
Strategy and Diplomacy | p. 369 |
The Commanders | p. 369 |
The Role of Sea Power | p. 372 |
Europe and the Disunited States | p. 374 |
Campaigns and Battles | p. 375 |
The Technology of War | p. 375 |
The Opening Clashes, 1861 | p. 377 |
The Western Theater, 1862 | p. 377 |
The Virginia Front, 1862 | p. 379 |
1863: Year of Decision | p. 382 |
The Last Stage, 1864-1865 | p. 385 |
Debating the Past: The Causes of the Civil War | p. 359 |
America in the World: The Consolidation of Nations | p. 370 |
Conclusion | p. 389 |
For Further Reference | p. 389 |
Reconstruction and the New South | p. 392 |
The Problems of Peacemaking | p. 394 |
The Aftermath of War and Emancipation | p. 394 |
Competing Notions of Freedom | p. 394 |
Plans for Reconstruction | p. 396 |
The Death of Lincoln | p. 397 |
Johnson and "Restoration" | p. 399 |
Radical Reconstruction | p. 399 |
The Black Codes | p. 399 |
The Fourteenth Amendment | p. 401 |
The Congressional Plan | p. 402 |
The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson | p. 403 |
The South in Reconstruction | p. 404 |
The Reconstruction Governments | p. 404 |
Education | p. 405 |
Landownership and Tenancy | p. 406 |
Incomes and Credit | p. 406 |
The African-American Family in Freedom | p. 407 |
The Grant Administration | p. 408 |
The Soldier President | p. 409 |
The Grant Scandals | p. 409 |
The Greenback Question | p. 410 |
Republican Diplomacy | p. 410 |
The Abandonment of Reconstruction | p. 411 |
The Southern States "Redeemed" | p. 411 |
Waning Northern Commitment | p. 412 |
The Compromise of 1877 | p. 412 |
The Legacy of Reconstruction | p. 414 |
The New South | p. 415 |
The "Redeemers" | p. 415 |
Industrialization and the "New South" | p. 415 |
Tenants and Sharecroppers | p. 417 |
African Americans and the New South | p. 418 |
The Birth of Jim Crow | p. 419 |
Debating the Past: Reconstruction | p. 400 |
Conclusion | p. 422 |
For Further Reference | p. 423 |
Appendices | p. A-1 |
Index | p. I-1 |
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