Roma and Egyptians in Albania : From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion

by ; ;
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2005-04-12
Publisher(s): World Bank
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Summary

This report provides key insights into the social exclusion processes that affect Roma and Egyptian communities in Albania-two of the most vulnerable minority communities in Albania. It offers advice on the design of concrete actions to facilitate the inclusion of Roma and Egyptian communities into Albanian society, and also includes feedback from the Roma and Egyptian communities on the study findings and recommendations.'Roma and Egyptians in Albania' includes supporting data collected via participatory methodologies conducted in eleven study sites to investigate the socio-economic, cultural, institutional, and historical situation of Roma and Egyptian communities across Albania. The report's proposed public policies and strategies on minority, poverty, and social exclusion issues have been endorsed by the Roma and Egyptian communities.

Table of Contents

Foreword ix
Acknowledgments xi
Acronyms and Abbreviations xiii
Glossary of Terms xv
A Roma Folk-Tale: The Cup of Gold Coins xvii
Executive Summary xix
Objectives of the Study xix
Albanian Roma in a Regional Perspective xix
Historical Background xxi
Methodology xxiii
Findings xxv
Summary of Short-Term and Most Urgent Policy Recommendations xli
Introduction
1(6)
Objectives and Methodology
2(5)
Historical Background: The Diversity of Roma and Egyptians
7(8)
The Origins of Roma and Egyptians
7(1)
A Brief History of Albania
8(1)
The Interwar Period
8(2)
World War II
10(1)
The Socialist Era
10(2)
Transition
12(1)
Conclusion
13(2)
Culture
15(12)
Language
15(1)
Expressions of Culture and Identity
16(2)
Family Ceremonies
18(3)
The Roma Fis
21(2)
Specific Roles of the Fis Leader
23(1)
Changes in the Social Organization of the Roma Fis over Time
24(1)
Conclusion
24(3)
Marriage and Family Planning
27(8)
Formal and Informal Family-Planning Education
30(1)
Effects of Early Marriage and Childbearing
30(1)
Increasing Divorce Rates
31(2)
Conclusion
33(2)
Income and Living Standards
35(18)
Household Income
36(3)
Household Expenditures
39(2)
Living Conditions
41(3)
Infrastructure
44(3)
Health and Health Care
47(3)
Conclusions
50(3)
Education
53(10)
Decreasing Education Levels
54(2)
Barriers to Education
56(4)
Parents' Suggestions for Improving Education for Roma Children
60(1)
Conclusions
61(2)
The Labor Market
63(10)
Traditional Socio-Occupational Identities
64(4)
Forms of Formal Labor
68(1)
Forms of Informal Labor
69(3)
Conclusion
72(1)
Migration and Remmittances
73(14)
Origins of International Migration
74(5)
Host Countries and Regions
79(1)
Forms of International Migration
80(4)
Effects of International Migration
84(1)
Conclusion
85(2)
Prostitution and Trafficking
87(14)
Prostitution
87(2)
Causes of Prostitution
89(2)
The Effects of Prostitution: Remittances and Social and Economic Costs
91(2)
Trafficking of Children
93(4)
Trafficking of Drugs
97(1)
Conclusion
98(3)
Social Capital
101(14)
Definitions
102(1)
Cognitive Social Capital: Trust and Solidarity
103(6)
Structural Social Capital
109(2)
Implications of Social Capital
111(2)
Conclusion
113(2)
Social Exclusion
115(18)
Albanian Roma Within a Regional Perspective
116(2)
Summary of Findings
118(3)
Causes of Social Exclusion Identified by Roma and Egyptians
121(1)
Definitions of Relative Poverty
122(3)
Factors Contributing to Uncertainty and Vulnerability
125(4)
Perceptions of Roma and Egyptians about Discrimination
129(1)
Perceptions of Albanians about Roma and Egyptians
130(1)
Ways of Addressing Social Exclusion According to Roma and Egyptians
131(2)
Social Inclusion: Recommendations and Policy Implications
133(128)
Access to Public Goods and Services
134(3)
Market Opportunities and Employment
137(2)
Access to the Justice System
139(1)
Access to Information
140(1)
Safety and Security of Livelihoods
140(1)
Social Capital, Voice, and Participation
141(1)
Roma Cultural Centers as a Means for Social Inclusion
141(1)
Summary of Short-Term and Most Urgent Policy Recommendations
142(5)
Appendixes
A. Working Definitions
147(6)
B. Questionnaire on Needs Assessment of Roma and Egyptian Communities in Albania
153(24)
C. Focus Group Discussions
177(10)
D. Statistical Data, Tables, Graphs, and Flowcharts
187(12)
E. More Voices of Albania
199(20)
F. Selected Albanian Roma and Egyptian NGOs and Contact Information
219(2)
G. The Patrilineal Kinship Structure of One Roma Fis
221(2)
H. National Minorities in Albania
223(2)
I. ``The List''
225(2)
J. Community Profiles
227(10)
K. From Social Exclusion to Social Inclusion
237(10)
L. Analytical Framework
247(2)
M. Conference Agenda
249(8)
N. Dissemination Conference Material
257(4)
Bibliography 261(4)
Materials Used in Desk Review 265
Map

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