Preface |
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xiii | |
About The Authors |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
PART I A CHEMICAL ENGINEER'S GUIDE TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES AND REGULATIONS |
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1 | (90) |
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An Introduction to Environmental Issues |
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3 | (32) |
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3 | (1) |
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The Role of Chemical Processes and Chemical Products |
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4 | (2) |
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An Overview of Major Environmental Issues |
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6 | (1) |
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Global Environmental Issues |
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7 | (7) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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Ozone Depletion in the Stratosphere |
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10 | (4) |
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14 | (8) |
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15 | (2) |
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NOx, Hydrocarbons, and VOC's---Ground-Level Ozone |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (2) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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SO2, NOx, and Acid Deposition |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Waste Flows in the United States |
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24 | (11) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (5) |
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35 | (28) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (3) |
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Value of Risk Assessment in the Engineering Profession |
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39 | (2) |
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Risk-Based Environmental Law |
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41 | (1) |
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General Overview of Risk Assessment Concepts |
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42 | (2) |
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44 | (8) |
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Cancer and Other Toxic Effects |
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45 | (1) |
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Hazard Assessment for Cancer |
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46 | (2) |
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Hazard Assessment for Non-Cancer Endpoints |
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48 | (2) |
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Structure Activity Relationships (SAR) |
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50 | (1) |
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Readily Available Hazard References |
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50 | (2) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (3) |
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57 | (6) |
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Risk Characterization of Cancer Endpoints |
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57 | (1) |
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Risk Characterization of Non-Cancer Endpoints |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (3) |
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Environmental Law and Regulations: From End-Of-Pipe To Pollution Prevention |
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63 | (18) |
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63 | (3) |
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Nine Prominent Federal Environmental Statues |
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66 | (1) |
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Evolution of Regulatory and Voluntary Programs: From End-of-Pipe to Pollution Prevention |
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67 | (3) |
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Pollution Prevention Concepts and Terminology |
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70 | (11) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (4) |
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The Roles and Responsibilities of Chemical Engineers |
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81 | (10) |
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81 | (1) |
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Responsibilities for Chemical Process Safety |
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82 | (3) |
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Responsibilities for Environmental Protection |
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85 | (2) |
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Further Reading in Engineering Ethics |
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87 | (4) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (3) |
PART II EVALUATING AND IMPROVING ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE OF CHEMICAL PROCESSES |
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91 | (326) |
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Evaluating Environmental Fate: Approaches Based on Chemical Structure |
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93 | (46) |
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93 | (2) |
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Chemical and Physical Property Estimation |
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95 | (23) |
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Boiling Point and Melting Point |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (3) |
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Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient |
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103 | (5) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (2) |
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112 | (3) |
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Soil Sorption Coefficients |
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115 | (3) |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Estimating Environmental Persistence |
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118 | (8) |
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Estimating Atmospheric Lifetimes |
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118 | (4) |
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Estimating Lifetimes in Aqueous Environments |
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122 | (2) |
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Estimating Overall Biodegradability |
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124 | (2) |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Estimating Ecosystem Risks |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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Using Property Estimates to Estimate Environmental Fate and Exposure |
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127 | (4) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Classifying Environmental Risks Based on Chemical Structure |
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131 | (8) |
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133 | (2) |
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135 | (4) |
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139 | (38) |
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139 | (1) |
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Occupational Exposures: Recognition, Evaluation, and Control |
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140 | (16) |
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Characterization of the Workplace |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (2) |
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Monitoring Worker Exposure |
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145 | (1) |
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Modeling Inhalation Exposures |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (3) |
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149 | (2) |
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Assessing Dermal Exposures |
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151 | (5) |
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156 | (1) |
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Exposure Assessment for Chemicals in the Ambient Environment |
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156 | (11) |
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Exposure to Toxic Air Pollutants |
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156 | (4) |
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Dermal Exposure to Chemicals in the Ambient Environment |
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160 | (1) |
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Effect of Chemical Releases to Surface Waters on Aquatic Biota |
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161 | (3) |
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Ground Water Contamination |
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164 | (3) |
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167 | (1) |
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Designing Safer Chemicals |
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167 | (10) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (5) |
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177 | (22) |
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177 | (1) |
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Green Chemistry Methodologies |
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178 | (13) |
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178 | (3) |
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181 | (4) |
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185 | (5) |
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Functional Group Approaches to Green Chemistry |
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190 | (1) |
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Quantitative/Optimization-Based Frameworks for the Design of Green Chemical Synthesis Pathways |
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191 | (4) |
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Green Chemistry Expert System Case Studies |
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195 | (4) |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (1) |
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Evaluating Environmental Performance During Process Synthesis |
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199 | (52) |
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199 | (1) |
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Tier 1 Environmental Performance Tools |
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200 | (15) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (2) |
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Threshold Limit Values (TLVs), Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs), and Recommended Exposure Limits (RELs) |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (2) |
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Evaluating Alternative Synthetic Pathways |
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209 | (6) |
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215 | (1) |
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Tier 2 Environmental Performance Tools |
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215 | (31) |
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Environmental Release Assessment |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Release Assessment Components |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (3) |
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Release Quantification Methods |
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220 | (1) |
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Measured Release Data for the Chemical |
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220 | (1) |
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Release Data for a Surrogate Chemical |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Emissions from Process Units and Fugitive Sources |
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222 | (3) |
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Losses of Residuals from Cleaning of Drums and Tanks |
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225 | (3) |
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Secondary Emissions from Utility Sources |
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228 | (3) |
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Modeled Release Estimates |
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231 | (1) |
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Loading Transport Containers |
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231 | (6) |
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Evaporative Losses from Static Liquid Pools |
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237 | (1) |
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Storage Tank Working and Breathing Losses |
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238 | (1) |
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Release Characterization and Documentation |
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239 | (5) |
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Assessing Environmental Performance |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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Tier 3 Environmental Performance Tools |
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246 | (5) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (3) |
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Unit Operations and Pollution Prevention |
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251 | (58) |
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251 | (2) |
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Pollution Prevention in Material Selection for Unit Operations |
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253 | (4) |
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Pollution Prevention for Chemical Reactors |
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257 | (17) |
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Material Use and Selection for Reactors |
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258 | (3) |
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Reaction Type and Reactor Choice |
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261 | (7) |
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268 | (6) |
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Pollution Prevention for Separation Devices |
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274 | (9) |
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Choice of Mass Separating Agent |
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274 | (2) |
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Process Design and Operation Heuristics for Separation Technologies |
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276 | (4) |
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Pollution Prevention Examples for Separations |
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280 | (1) |
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Separators with Reactors for Pollution Prevention |
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280 | (3) |
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Pollution Prevention Applications for Separative Reactors |
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283 | (3) |
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Pollution Prevention in Storage Tanks and Fugitive Sources |
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286 | (8) |
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Storage Tank Pollution Prevention |
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286 | (3) |
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Reducing Emissions from Fugitive Sources |
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289 | (5) |
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Pollution Prevention Assessment Integrated with HAZ-OP Analysis |
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294 | (2) |
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Integrating Risk Assessment with Process Design---A Case Study |
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296 | (13) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (4) |
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305 | (4) |
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Flowsheet Analysis for Pollution Prevention |
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309 | (52) |
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309 | (4) |
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Process Energy Integration |
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313 | (4) |
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317 | (30) |
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317 | (10) |
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Optimizing Strategies for Segregation, Mixing, and Recycle of Streams |
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327 | (6) |
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Mass Exchange Network Synthesis |
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333 | (14) |
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Case Study of a Process Flowsheet |
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347 | (14) |
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354 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (6) |
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Evaluating The Environmental Performance of A Flowsheet |
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361 | (36) |
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361 | (1) |
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Estimation of Environmental Fates of Emissions and Wastes |
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362 | (13) |
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Fugacity and Fugacity Capacity |
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364 | (3) |
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367 | (4) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (3) |
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Tier 3 Metrics for Environmental Risk Evaluation of Process Designs |
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375 | (22) |
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376 | (2) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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379 | (7) |
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386 | (4) |
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390 | (2) |
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392 | (2) |
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394 | (3) |
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Environmental Cost Accounting |
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397 | (20) |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (2) |
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Magnitudes of Environmental Costs |
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400 | (2) |
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A Framework for Evaluating Environmental Costs |
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402 | (3) |
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Hidden Environmental Costs |
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405 | (2) |
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407 | (5) |
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Internal Intangible Costs |
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412 | (1) |
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External Intangible Costs |
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413 | (4) |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (2) |
PART III MOVING BEYOND THE PLANT BOUNDARY |
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417 | (122) |
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Life-Cycle Concepts, Product Stewardship, and Green Engineering |
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419 | (42) |
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Introduction to Product Life Cycle Concepts |
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419 | (2) |
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421 | (11) |
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Definitions and Methodology |
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422 | (3) |
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425 | (7) |
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Life-Cycle Impact Assessments |
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432 | (9) |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (4) |
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437 | (3) |
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Interpretation of Life-Cycle Data and Practical Limits to Life-Cycle Assessments |
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440 | (1) |
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Streamlined Life-Cycle Assessments |
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441 | (7) |
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Streamlined Data Gathering for Inventories and Characterization |
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441 | (1) |
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Qualitative Techniques for Inventories and Characterization |
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442 | (5) |
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Pitfalls, Advantages, and Guidance |
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447 | (1) |
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Uses of Life-Cycle Studies |
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448 | (13) |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (1) |
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448 | (2) |
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Product Design and Improvement |
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450 | (3) |
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453 | (1) |
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453 | (2) |
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455 | (1) |
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455 | (2) |
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457 | (4) |
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461 | (78) |
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461 | (5) |
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Material Flows in Chemical Manufacturing |
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466 | (2) |
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468 | (3) |
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Assessing Opportunities for Waste Exchanges and Byproduct Synergies |
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471 | (1) |
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472 | (1) |
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472 | (1) |
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473 | |
APPENDICES |
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A Details of The Nine Prominent Federal Environmental Statutes |
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472 | (19) |
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491 | (2) |
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C Estimating Emissions from Storage Tanks |
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493 | (16) |
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D Tables of Environmental Impact Potentials---Tables D-1 to D-4 |
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509 | (6) |
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E Procedures for Estimating Hidden (Tier II) Costs---Tables E-1 to E-5 |
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515 | (8) |
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F Additional Resources---Web Resources/Online Databases/Software |
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523 | (16) |
Index |
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539 | |