Preface |
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xix | |
What's New in This Edition? |
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xix | |
How This Book Is Organized |
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xx | |
What's Special About This Book? |
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xxi | |
How to Use This Book |
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xxi | |
A Big Thanks |
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xxii | |
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The Role and Importance of Research |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (1) |
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What Research Is and What It Isn't |
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2 | (2) |
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A Model of Scientific Inquiry |
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4 | (5) |
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6 | (1) |
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Identifying the Important Factors |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Collecting Relevant Information |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Working with the Hypothesis |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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Different Types of Research |
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9 | (3) |
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9 | (3) |
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12 | (2) |
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True Experimental Research |
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13 | (1) |
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Quasi-Experimental Research |
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13 | (1) |
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What Scientific Method to Use When? |
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14 | (1) |
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Basic Research Versus Applied Research |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (3) |
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16 | (1) |
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Readings of Other Interest |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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The Research Process: Coming to Terms |
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19 | (18) |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (3) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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The Relationship Between Independent and Dependent Variables |
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24 | (1) |
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Other Important Types of Variables |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (5) |
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25 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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Differences Between the Null Hypothesis and the Research Hypothesis |
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28 | (1) |
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What Makes a ``Good'' Hypothesis? |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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The Concept of Significance |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (4) |
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33 | (1) |
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Readings of Other Interest |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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Selecting a Problem and Reviewing the Research |
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37 | (48) |
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38 | (2) |
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40 | (1) |
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Ideas, Ideas, Ideas (and What to Do With Them) |
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41 | (1) |
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From Idea to Research Question to Hypothesis |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (13) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (7) |
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Reading and Evaluating Research |
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55 | (3) |
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What Does a Research Article Look Like? |
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56 | (1) |
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Criteria for Judging a Research Study |
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56 | (2) |
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Basic Principles of Ethical Research |
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58 | (4) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Ensuring High Ethical Standards |
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62 | (3) |
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The Role of Professional Organizations |
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62 | (1) |
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A Summary of Ethical Guidelines |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Ethics Regarding On-line Research |
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64 | (1) |
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Using Electronic Tools in Your Research Activities |
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65 | (6) |
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65 | (1) |
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Searching the Web: Great Search Engines |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (4) |
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Using Bibliographic Database Programs |
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71 | (1) |
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An Introduction to the Internet and the World Wide Web |
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72 | (6) |
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Research Activities on the Net |
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73 | (1) |
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An Introduction to E-Mail |
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73 | (2) |
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An Introduction to News Groups |
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75 | (3) |
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Using Mailing Lists or ListServs |
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78 | (1) |
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78 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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Writing the Literature Review |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (3) |
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82 | (1) |
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Readings of Other Interest |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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Sampling and Generalizability |
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85 | (14) |
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85 | (1) |
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Probability Sampling Strategies |
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86 | (6) |
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86 | (4) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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Nonprobability Sampling Strategies |
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92 | (2) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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Samples, Sample Size, and Sampling Error |
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94 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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Readings of Other Interest |
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98 | (1) |
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98 | (1) |
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Measurement, Reliability, and Validity |
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99 | (24) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (5) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Continuous Versus Discrete Variables |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Reliability and Validity: Why They Are Very, Very Important |
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105 | (8) |
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A Conceptual Definition of Reliability |
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106 | (1) |
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What Makes Up Error Scores? |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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How Reliability Is Measured |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (3) |
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Establishing Reliability: An Example |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (5) |
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A Conceptual Definition of Validity |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (2) |
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Establishing Validity: An Example |
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116 | (2) |
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The Relationship Between Reliability and Validity |
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118 | (1) |
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A Closing (Very Important!) Thought |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (3) |
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120 | (1) |
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Readings of Other Interest |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (2) |
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Methods of Measuring Behavior |
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123 | (22) |
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Tests and Their Development |
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124 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (15) |
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126 | (2) |
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Multiple-Choice Achievement Items |
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128 | (4) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (3) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (3) |
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142 | (1) |
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Readings of Other Interest |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (2) |
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Data Collection and Descriptive Statistics |
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145 | (20) |
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Getting Ready for Data Collection |
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145 | (1) |
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The Data Collection Process |
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146 | (4) |
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Constructing Data Collection Forms |
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146 | (2) |
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148 | (1) |
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The Ten Commandments of Data Collection |
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149 | (1) |
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Getting Ready for Data Analysis |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (4) |
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151 | (1) |
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Comparing Distributions of Scores |
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152 | (1) |
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Measures of Central Tendency |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (2) |
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Understanding Distributions |
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157 | (5) |
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The Normal (Bell-Shaped) Curve |
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157 | (1) |
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The Mean and the Standard Deviation |
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158 | (2) |
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Standard Scores: Computing and Using z Scores |
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160 | (1) |
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What z Scores Really, Really Mean |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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Readings of Other Interest |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Introducing Inferential Statistics |
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165 | (20) |
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Say Hello to Inferential Statistics |
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165 | (4) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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The Central Limit Theorem |
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166 | (3) |
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The Idea of Statistical Significance |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (8) |
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How a Test of Significance Works |
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171 | (1) |
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t-Test for Independent Means |
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172 | (2) |
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How to Select the Appropriate Test |
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174 | (1) |
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Some Other Tests of Significance |
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175 | (3) |
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Working With More Than One Dependent Variable |
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178 | (1) |
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Significance Versus Meaningfulness |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (2) |
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How Meta-Analyses Are Done |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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Readings of Other Interest |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Nonexperimental Research: Descriptive and Correlational Methods |
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185 | (16) |
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186 | (5) |
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186 | (5) |
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191 | (7) |
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The Relationship Between Variables |
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192 | (1) |
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What Correlation Coefficients Look Like |
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193 | (2) |
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Computing the Pearson Correlation Coefficient |
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195 | (3) |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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199 | (1) |
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Readings of Other Interest |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Nonexperimental Research: Qualitative Methods |
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201 | (16) |
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Conducting Qualitative Research |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (3) |
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202 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (1) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (2) |
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Some Advantages of the Case Study Method |
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205 | (1) |
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Some Disadvantages of the Case Study Method |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (6) |
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Conducting Historical Research |
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208 | (1) |
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The Steps in Historical Research |
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209 | (1) |
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Sources of Historical Data |
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210 | (1) |
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Primary or Secondary Sources: Which Are Best? |
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211 | (1) |
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Authenticity and Accuracy |
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212 | (1) |
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The Limitations of Historical Research |
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213 | (1) |
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Qualitative Research Tools |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (3) |
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214 | (1) |
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Readings of Other Interest |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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Pre- and True Experimental Research Methods |
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217 | (16) |
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218 | (5) |
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219 | (1) |
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True Experimental Designs |
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220 | (3) |
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Internal and External Validity and Experimental Design |
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223 | (4) |
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Threats to Internal Validity |
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223 | (2) |
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Threats to External Validity |
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225 | (1) |
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Increasing Internal and External Validity |
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226 | (1) |
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Internal or External Validity: A Trade-Off? |
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227 | (1) |
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Controlling Extraneous Variables |
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227 | (2) |
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228 | (1) |
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Use of Homogeneous Groups |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Readings of Other Interest |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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Quasi-Experimental Research: A Close Cousin to Experimental Research |
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233 | (14) |
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The Quasi-Experimental Method |
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233 | (2) |
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Quasi-Experimental Designs |
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235 | (8) |
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The Nonequivalent Control Group Design |
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235 | (1) |
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The Static Group Comparison |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
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Multiple Baseline Designs |
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238 | (1) |
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Evaluating Single-Subject Designs |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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The Utility of Follow-up Studies |
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241 | (2) |
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The Role of Age in Studying Development |
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243 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (3) |
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244 | (1) |
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Readings of Other Interest |
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245 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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Writing a Research Proposal |
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247 | (14) |
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The Format of a Research Proposal |
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247 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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Evaluating the Studies You Read |
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249 | (2) |
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Criteria for Judging a Research Study |
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250 | (1) |
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Planning the Actual Research |
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251 | (3) |
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Selecting a Dependent Variable |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (3) |
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Data Collection and Analysis |
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257 | (1) |
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Selecting an Inferential Statistic |
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257 | (1) |
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Protecting Human Subjects |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (3) |
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258 | (1) |
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Readings of Other Interest |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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Writing a Research Manuscript |
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261 | (22) |
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What a Manuscript Looks Like |
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261 | (4) |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (1) |
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266 | (17) |
Appendix A: An Introduction to SPSS 13.x |
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283 | (2) |
Appendix B: Sample Data Set |
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285 | (6) |
Appendix C: Answers to Exercises |
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291 | (10) |
References |
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301 | (4) |
Glossary |
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305 | (10) |
Index |
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315 | |