Copyright Law : Protection of Original Expression,9780890892312

Copyright Law : Protection of Original Expression

by
ISBN13: 9780890892312
ISBN10: 0890892318
Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2002-02-01
Publisher(s): Carolina Academic Pr
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Table of Contents

Table of Cases
xvii
Introduction-Copyright: The Intangible Interest in Tangible Expression
3(16)
Copyright and ``Intellectual Property''
3(1)
The Intangible Interest and Social Good
4(1)
Constitutional Compromise: The Copyright Act
5(9)
The Grant of Power
5(1)
Congressional Implementation: The Copyright Act of 1976
6(1)
A Unitary Federal Scheme
6(1)
Protection of Fixed ``Expression,'' and not ``Ideas''
6(1)
The Bundle of Discrete Rights of a Copyright Owner
7(1)
The Limitations on the Copyright Interests
8(1)
The Specifically Enumerated Limitations
8(1)
The Broad Fair Use Limitation
9(1)
Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Company
9(5)
The Copyright Act and Technological Change
14(3)
Contemplation of and Accommodation to Technological Change
14(1)
The Practical and Ethical Impact of Digital Technology
15(2)
Globalization and Harmonization
17(2)
Treaties and Other International Agreements
17(1)
National Treatment
17(1)
Harmonization: Minimal Substantive Standards
18(1)
Copyright Law and Culture
18(1)
Copyrightability: Fixation of Original Expression
19(136)
The Subject Matter of Copyright - Originality
19(8)
The Originality/Creativity Threshold
19(1)
Originality as a Constitutional Requirement
19(1)
The Low Creativity Threshold
20(1)
Atari Games Corporation v. Oman
20(3)
The ``NonDiscrimination'' Principle
23(1)
Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
23(2)
Notes
25(2)
The Subject Matter of Copyright - Authorship
27(21)
``Authors'' and ``Writings''
27(1)
Burrow-Giles Lithographic Company v. Sarony
27(3)
Authorship
30(1)
``Writings''
31(1)
Photographs and Audiovisual Works As Copyrightable Writings
31(1)
Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits, Inc.
32(4)
Mendler v. Winterland Productions, Ltd.
36(4)
``Copying a Copy'': Authorship of Derivative Works
40(1)
Re-creation of the ``Original''
40(1)
Gross v. Seligman
41(1)
Notes
42(1)
Originality and Derivative Works: Trivial - and Other - Variations
42(1)
Batlin & Son, Inc. v. Snyder
43(2)
Notes
45(1)
The Impact of Technology on Derivative Works: ``Slavish'' Copying
46(1)
The Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd. v. Corel Corporation
46(2)
The Subject Matter of Copyright - Expression
48(93)
Generally, the Idea/Expression Continuum
48(1)
Baker v. Selden
48(2)
Note: The Need to Separate ``Idea'' from ``Expression''
50(1)
Unprotectable ``Facts'' and Protectable Original Compilations
51(1)
Generally
51(1)
Harper House, Inc. v. Thomas Nelson, Inc.
52(4)
Notes
56(1)
``Originality'' in Compilations
57(1)
Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., Inc.
58(6)
Notes: The Impact of Feist on Compilations
64(1)
Kregos v. Associated Press
65(4)
Matthew Bender & Company, Inc. v. West Publishing Co.
69(7)
Notes
76(1)
``Original Selection and Arrangement'': ``Selection'' and Data Protection
77(1)
CCC Information Services, Inc. v. Maclean Hunter Market Reports, Inc.
77(4)
Notes
81(1)
Factual and Functional Works
81(1)
Generally
81(2)
Factual and Historical Works
83(1)
Nash v. CBS, Inc.
83(3)
Notes
86(1)
Computer Software
87(1)
A Computer Program as a ``Literary Work''
87(1)
Protection of the ``Code'' Itself
87(1)
Protectability of the Nonliteral, Structural Elements of a Program
88(3)
``Look and Feel''
91(3)
Merger and Scenes a Faire: ``Expression'' as ``Idea''
94(1)
Merger of Idea and Expression
94(1)
Kregos v. Associated Press
94(3)
Notes
97(1)
Merger: The ``Copyrightability'' and ``Infringement'' Models
98(2)
Scenes a Fair
100(1)
Reyher v. Children's Television Workshop
100(3)
Notes
103(1)
Utilitarian Works
104(1)
Limitations on ``Useful Articles''
104(1)
Mazer v. Stein
104(3)
Note: ``Useful Articles'' v. Pictorial, Graphic, or Sculptural Works
107(1)
Masquerade Novelty, Inc. v. Unique Industries, Inc.
108(4)
Superior Form Builders, Inc. v. Dan Chase Taxidermy Supply Co., Inc.
112(4)
Notes
116(1)
Physical and Conceptual Separability
116(2)
Carol Barnhart Inc. v. Economy Cover Corporation
118(3)
Note
121(1)
Brandir International, Inc. v. Cascade Pacific Lumber Co.
122(4)
Notes
126(1)
The Special Case of Architectural Works
126(2)
Literary and Other Characters as Protected Expression
128(1)
Generally
128(1)
The Second Circuit and Character Copyrightability
128(1)
Warner Bros. Inc. v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.
129(2)
Silverman v. CBS Inc.
131(4)
The Ninth Circuit and the Character as the ``Story''
135(1)
Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates
135(2)
Anderson v. Stallone
137(3)
Sound Recordings
140(1)
The Subject Matter of Copyright - ``Fixed'' Works
141(14)
Attachment of Copyright by Fixation
141(1)
Fixation v. Publication
141(1)
``Fixation'' Defined
142(1)
National Football League v. McBee & Bruno's, Inc.
143(2)
Unfixed Works
145(1)
U.S. v. Moghadam
146(9)
Copyrights: The Divisible, Exclusive Rights of a Copyright Owner
155(188)
The Bundle of Separate Rights
155(84)
The Right to Make Copies and Phonorecords
156(1)
``Copying''
156(1)
Agee v. Paramount Communications, Inc.
156(5)
Permitted Copying: Exemptions and Compulsory Licensing
161(1)
The Compulsory ``Mechanical'' License
161(1)
Abkco Music, Inc. v. Stellar Records, Inc.
162(3)
Note: Compulsory Licenses
165(1)
Copying and the Audio Home Recording Act
166(1)
Recording Industry Association of America v. Diamond Multimedia Systems Inc.
167(8)
Note
175(1)
Other Exempt Copying
175(2)
The Right to Create Derivative Works
177(1)
Lee v. A.R.T. Company
177(3)
Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc.
180(3)
Notes
183(1)
Pickett v. Prince
184(4)
The Public Distribution Right
188(1)
``Distribution''
188(1)
The First Sale Doctrine
189(1)
Generally
189(1)
Computer Software and Record Rental
189(1)
Importation and First Sale
190(1)
Quality King Distributors, Inc. v. L'anza Research International, Inc.
191(6)
The Public Performance Right
197(1)
The Nature of The Right
197(1)
``Performance''
198(1)
``Public Performance''
199(1)
Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. Redd Horne, Inc.
200(3)
Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. Aveco, Inc.
203(2)
Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. Professional Real Estate Investors, Inc.
205(2)
Performing Rights Societies and the ``Small'' Performance Right
207(2)
Statutory Exemptions
209(1)
Generally
209(1)
Section 110(5): Communication of Transmission of a Performance
209(1)
National Football League v. McBee & Bruno's, Inc.
210(2)
Cass County Music Company v. Muedini
212(5)
§110(1) and (2): Educational Performances and the Distance Education Problem
217(2)
Other § 110 Exemptions
219(1)
Performance Right in Sound Recordings
220(1)
The Public Display Right
221(1)
The Limited Moral Right
222(1)
Foundation of the Right: ``Droit Moral''
222(4)
Denial of Direct Recognition
226(1)
Crimi v. Rutgers Presbyterian Church
226(2)
Movement Toward Indirect Recognition
228(1)
Gilliam v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.
228(4)
Note: A Question of Values
232(1)
State Statutory Responses
233(1)
The Berne Convention, Moral Rights, and the Copyright Act
233(1)
Section 106A: The Visual Artists Rights Act
233(2)
Martin v. City of Indianapolis
235(4)
Note
239(1)
The ``Quasi Copyrights'' of the DMCA
239(21)
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act-Generally
239(1)
Access Limitation-Anti-Circumvention Protection
240(1)
Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley
241(18)
Copyright Management Information
259(1)
Copyright Ownership and Transfer
260(64)
The Ownership Interest and its Transfer
260(1)
The Intangible Interest and the Tangible Object
260(1)
Transfer
261(1)
Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Dumas
261(4)
Notes
265(1)
Termination of Transfers
266(1)
Generally
266(1)
Larry Spier, Inc. v. Bourne Co.
267(4)
Preservation of Rights in Derivative Works
271(1)
Mills Music, Inc. v. Synder
272(6)
Multiple Authorship
278(1)
``Authorship'' v. ``Ownership''
278(1)
Joint Authorship
279(1)
Childress v. Taylor
279(7)
Note
286(1)
Collective Works
287(1)
New York Times Company, Inc. v. Tasini
287(12)
Works Made for Hire
299(1)
The Work for Hire Doctrine
299(1)
Works Prepared by an Employee Within the Scope of Employment
300(1)
Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
300(6)
Notes
306(1)
Carter v. Helmsley-Spear, Inc.
307(6)
Specially Commissioned Works
313(1)
Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Dumas
313(9)
Formalities: Notice and Registration
322(1)
Notice
322(1)
Registration
323(1)
Duration of Copyright
324(19)
The Pre-1976 Act Scheme: Separate Initial and Renewal Terms
324(1)
Renewal
324(1)
Assignment of the Renewal Terms
325(1)
Stewart v. Abend
325(5)
Automatic Renewal
330(1)
The Unitary Scheme Under the 1976 Act
330(1)
Works Created on or after January 1, 1978
330(1)
Works Created but Not Published or Copyrighted Before January 1, 1978
331(1)
Works in Copyright Prior to January 1, 1978
331(1)
The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998
332(1)
Eldred v. Reno
332(8)
Restoration of Copyright in Certain Foreign Works
340(1)
When Works Pass Into the Public Domain
341(2)
Infringement: Substantive Analysis
343(138)
Actionable Copying: ``Substantial Similarity''
343(44)
Circumstantial Proof of Copying
343(1)
Analytic Tools - Levels of Abstraction
344(1)
Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp.
344(4)
Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corporation
348(7)
Notes
355(1)
Dissection and ``Total Concept and Feel''
356(1)
Castle Rock Entertainment, Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group
357(5)
Substantial Similarity and Non-Literal Similarity Revisited
362(2)
De Minimis Copying
364(1)
Ringgold v. Black Entertainment Television Inc.
364(6)
``Extrinsic/Intrinsic'' Analysis
370(1)
The Arnstein Model
370(1)
Arnstein v. Porter
370(4)
Notes
374(1)
The Ninth Circuit - ``Objective'' and ``Subjective'' Analysis
374(1)
Shaw v. Lindheim
375(3)
Notes
378(1)
Summary Judgment and the Roles of Court, Jury, and Experts
378(2)
Three Boys Music Corp. v. Bolton
380(2)
The ``Ordinary Observer'' Test
382(1)
Dawson v. Hinshaw Music Inc.
383(4)
Actionable Copying: Access
387(11)
Generally
387(1)
Access and ``Subconscious'' Copying
387(1)
Three Boys Music Corp. v. Bolton
388(2)
The ``Inverse Ratio Rule'' and ``Striking Similarity''
390(1)
Repp v. Webber
391(7)
Note
398(1)
Non-Infringing Copying: Fair Use
398(83)
Overview
398(1)
Historical Background
398(1)
The 1976 Act Codification
399(1)
General Application of §107
400(1)
The ``Preamble'' and the Factors
400(1)
Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios
401(5)
Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises
406(8)
Sony, Harper & Row, and ``Productive Use''
414(1)
Fair use of Unpublished Works
415(1)
News and News Reporting
415(1)
Los Angeles News Service v. KCAL-TV Channel 9
416(3)
The Sony ``Presumptions''
419(1)
Campbell and Transformative Use
419(1)
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
419(7)
The Post-Campbell Cases
426(1)
Castle Rock Entertainment, Inc. v. Carol Pub. Group, Inc.
427(4)
Sony Computer Entertainment America, Inc. v. Bleem, LLC
431(5)
Ringgold v. Black Entertainment Television Inc.
436(3)
Note: ``Potential Market,'' ``Circularity,'' and Criticism
439(1)
Parody as Fair Use
440(1)
Controversy in the Circuits
440(1)
The Campbell Resolution
441(1)
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
441(6)
Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corporation
447(5)
Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Company
452(5)
Fair Use and Technology
457(1)
Reverse Engineering
457(1)
Sony Computer Entertainment America, Inc. v. Connectix Corporation
457(8)
Fair Use and the DMCA
465(1)
Research. Scholarly and Academic Uses
465(1)
Generally
465(1)
Academic Copying
465(1)
Copying for Commercially Supported Research
466(1)
American Geophysical Union v. Texaco Inc.
466(13)
First Amendment, Public Policy, and, Other Factors
479(2)
Infringement: Procedural Analysis
481(70)
Subject Matter Jurisdiction
481(19)
Exclusive Federal Jurisdiction: Claims ``Arising Under'' the Copyright Act
481(1)
Bassett v. Mashantucket Pequot Tribe
482(7)
Pendent Jurisdiction
489(1)
Claims Involving Foreign Acts of Infringement
490(1)
Los Angeles News Service v. Reuters Television Int'l., Ltd.
490(2)
Foreign Contacts and Choice of Law
492(1)
Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc.
493(7)
Sovereign Immunity
500(6)
Generally - The Eleventh Amendment
500(1)
Congressional Abrogation and the Supreme Court
501(1)
Chavez v. Arte Publico Press
502(4)
Federal Preemption of State Law Claims
506(38)
Constitutional Preemption: Supremacy v. Exclusivity
506(1)
Exclusivity: Sears, Roebuck v. Stiffel: Compco v. Day-Brite
506(2)
Supremacy: Goldstein
508(2)
Harmonization?
510(1)
Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
510(4)
Notes
514(1)
Section 301 Preemption
514(1)
Generally
514(1)
Orson, Inc. v. Miramax Film Corp.
515(4)
Note: Equivalence and Subject Matter
519(1)
``Misappropriation'' Claims
520(1)
National Basketball Association v. Motorola, Inc.
521(9)
Premption and the Right of Publicity
530(1)
Baltimore Orioles v. Major League Baseball Players
530(3)
Brown v. Ames
533(3)
Notes
536(1)
Contracts and ``Shrink Wrap Licenses''
537(1)
ProCD, Incorporated v. Zeidenberg
537(5)
Notes
542(2)
Personal Jurisdiction, Venue, and Standing
544(4)
Mink v. AAAA Development LLC
545(2)
Note: Statute of Limitations
547(1)
The Defense of Copyright Misuse
548(3)
Remedies and the Ambit of Liability
551(48)
Vicarious and Contributory Infringement
551(19)
Generally
551(1)
Vicarious Liability
551(1)
Contributory Liability
552(1)
The Standards
552(1)
Products that Support Infringement: the Sony Test
552(1)
Services and Facilities
553(1)
Fonovisa, Inc. v. Cherry Auction, Inc.
553(4)
A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc.
557(6)
Special Limitation on Liability for Online Infringement
563(2)
ALS Scan, Inc. v. RemarQ Communities, Inc.
565(5)
Remedies
570(21)
Generally, the Array of Civil Remedies for Infringement
570(1)
Injunctive Relief
570(1)
Damages
571(1)
Provable Damages and Profits
571(1)
Cream Records Inc. v. Joseph Schlitz Brewing Co.
572(3)
Frank Music Corp. v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
575(2)
Frank Music Corp. v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
577(3)
Statutory Damages
580(2)
Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
582(4)
Impoundment and Related Relief
586(1)
Costs and Counsel Fees
586(1)
Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
586(5)
Criminal Liability
591(8)
Dowling v. United States
592(7)
Index 599

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