|
|
xvii | |
|
Introduction-Copyright: The Intangible Interest in Tangible Expression |
|
|
3 | (16) |
|
Copyright and ``Intellectual Property'' |
|
|
3 | (1) |
|
The Intangible Interest and Social Good |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
Constitutional Compromise: The Copyright Act |
|
|
5 | (9) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
Congressional Implementation: The Copyright Act of 1976 |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
Protection of Fixed ``Expression,'' and not ``Ideas'' |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
The Bundle of Discrete Rights of a Copyright Owner |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
The Limitations on the Copyright Interests |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
The Specifically Enumerated Limitations |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
The Broad Fair Use Limitation |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Company |
|
|
9 | (5) |
|
The Copyright Act and Technological Change |
|
|
14 | (3) |
|
Contemplation of and Accommodation to Technological Change |
|
|
14 | (1) |
|
The Practical and Ethical Impact of Digital Technology |
|
|
15 | (2) |
|
Globalization and Harmonization |
|
|
17 | (2) |
|
Treaties and Other International Agreements |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
|
17 | (1) |
|
Harmonization: Minimal Substantive Standards |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
Copyright Law and Culture |
|
|
18 | (1) |
|
Copyrightability: Fixation of Original Expression |
|
|
19 | (136) |
|
The Subject Matter of Copyright - Originality |
|
|
19 | (8) |
|
The Originality/Creativity Threshold |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
Originality as a Constitutional Requirement |
|
|
19 | (1) |
|
The Low Creativity Threshold |
|
|
20 | (1) |
|
Atari Games Corporation v. Oman |
|
|
20 | (3) |
|
The ``NonDiscrimination'' Principle |
|
|
23 | (1) |
|
Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co. |
|
|
23 | (2) |
|
|
25 | (2) |
|
The Subject Matter of Copyright - Authorship |
|
|
27 | (21) |
|
``Authors'' and ``Writings'' |
|
|
27 | (1) |
|
Burrow-Giles Lithographic Company v. Sarony |
|
|
27 | (3) |
|
|
30 | (1) |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
Photographs and Audiovisual Works As Copyrightable Writings |
|
|
31 | (1) |
|
Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits, Inc. |
|
|
32 | (4) |
|
Mendler v. Winterland Productions, Ltd. |
|
|
36 | (4) |
|
``Copying a Copy'': Authorship of Derivative Works |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
Re-creation of the ``Original'' |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
Originality and Derivative Works: Trivial - and Other - Variations |
|
|
42 | (1) |
|
Batlin & Son, Inc. v. Snyder |
|
|
43 | (2) |
|
|
45 | (1) |
|
The Impact of Technology on Derivative Works: ``Slavish'' Copying |
|
|
46 | (1) |
|
The Bridgeman Art Library, Ltd. v. Corel Corporation |
|
|
46 | (2) |
|
The Subject Matter of Copyright - Expression |
|
|
48 | (93) |
|
Generally, the Idea/Expression Continuum |
|
|
48 | (1) |
|
|
48 | (2) |
|
Note: The Need to Separate ``Idea'' from ``Expression'' |
|
|
50 | (1) |
|
Unprotectable ``Facts'' and Protectable Original Compilations |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
|
51 | (1) |
|
Harper House, Inc. v. Thomas Nelson, Inc. |
|
|
52 | (4) |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
``Originality'' in Compilations |
|
|
57 | (1) |
|
Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Telephone Service Co., Inc. |
|
|
58 | (6) |
|
Notes: The Impact of Feist on Compilations |
|
|
64 | (1) |
|
Kregos v. Associated Press |
|
|
65 | (4) |
|
Matthew Bender & Company, Inc. v. West Publishing Co. |
|
|
69 | (7) |
|
|
76 | (1) |
|
``Original Selection and Arrangement'': ``Selection'' and Data Protection |
|
|
77 | (1) |
|
CCC Information Services, Inc. v. Maclean Hunter Market Reports, Inc. |
|
|
77 | (4) |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
Factual and Functional Works |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
|
81 | (2) |
|
Factual and Historical Works |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
|
83 | (3) |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
A Computer Program as a ``Literary Work'' |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Protection of the ``Code'' Itself |
|
|
87 | (1) |
|
Protectability of the Nonliteral, Structural Elements of a Program |
|
|
88 | (3) |
|
|
91 | (3) |
|
Merger and Scenes a Faire: ``Expression'' as ``Idea'' |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
Merger of Idea and Expression |
|
|
94 | (1) |
|
Kregos v. Associated Press |
|
|
94 | (3) |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
Merger: The ``Copyrightability'' and ``Infringement'' Models |
|
|
98 | (2) |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
Reyher v. Children's Television Workshop |
|
|
100 | (3) |
|
|
103 | (1) |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
Limitations on ``Useful Articles'' |
|
|
104 | (1) |
|
|
104 | (3) |
|
Note: ``Useful Articles'' v. Pictorial, Graphic, or Sculptural Works |
|
|
107 | (1) |
|
Masquerade Novelty, Inc. v. Unique Industries, Inc. |
|
|
108 | (4) |
|
Superior Form Builders, Inc. v. Dan Chase Taxidermy Supply Co., Inc. |
|
|
112 | (4) |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
Physical and Conceptual Separability |
|
|
116 | (2) |
|
Carol Barnhart Inc. v. Economy Cover Corporation |
|
|
118 | (3) |
|
|
121 | (1) |
|
Brandir International, Inc. v. Cascade Pacific Lumber Co. |
|
|
122 | (4) |
|
|
126 | (1) |
|
The Special Case of Architectural Works |
|
|
126 | (2) |
|
Literary and Other Characters as Protected Expression |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
The Second Circuit and Character Copyrightability |
|
|
128 | (1) |
|
Warner Bros. Inc. v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. |
|
|
129 | (2) |
|
|
131 | (4) |
|
The Ninth Circuit and the Character as the ``Story'' |
|
|
135 | (1) |
|
Walt Disney Productions v. Air Pirates |
|
|
135 | (2) |
|
|
137 | (3) |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
The Subject Matter of Copyright - ``Fixed'' Works |
|
|
141 | (14) |
|
Attachment of Copyright by Fixation |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (1) |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
National Football League v. McBee & Bruno's, Inc. |
|
|
143 | (2) |
|
|
145 | (1) |
|
|
146 | (9) |
|
Copyrights: The Divisible, Exclusive Rights of a Copyright Owner |
|
|
155 | (188) |
|
The Bundle of Separate Rights |
|
|
155 | (84) |
|
The Right to Make Copies and Phonorecords |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
Agee v. Paramount Communications, Inc. |
|
|
156 | (5) |
|
Permitted Copying: Exemptions and Compulsory Licensing |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
The Compulsory ``Mechanical'' License |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
Abkco Music, Inc. v. Stellar Records, Inc. |
|
|
162 | (3) |
|
Note: Compulsory Licenses |
|
|
165 | (1) |
|
Copying and the Audio Home Recording Act |
|
|
166 | (1) |
|
Recording Industry Association of America v. Diamond Multimedia Systems Inc. |
|
|
167 | (8) |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
|
175 | (2) |
|
The Right to Create Derivative Works |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
|
177 | (3) |
|
Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc. |
|
|
180 | (3) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
|
184 | (4) |
|
The Public Distribution Right |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Computer Software and Record Rental |
|
|
189 | (1) |
|
Importation and First Sale |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Quality King Distributors, Inc. v. L'anza Research International, Inc. |
|
|
191 | (6) |
|
The Public Performance Right |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
|
197 | (1) |
|
|
198 | (1) |
|
|
199 | (1) |
|
Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. Redd Horne, Inc. |
|
|
200 | (3) |
|
Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. Aveco, Inc. |
|
|
203 | (2) |
|
Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. v. Professional Real Estate Investors, Inc. |
|
|
205 | (2) |
|
Performing Rights Societies and the ``Small'' Performance Right |
|
|
207 | (2) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
Section 110(5): Communication of Transmission of a Performance |
|
|
209 | (1) |
|
National Football League v. McBee & Bruno's, Inc. |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
Cass County Music Company v. Muedini |
|
|
212 | (5) |
|
§110(1) and (2): Educational Performances and the Distance Education Problem |
|
|
217 | (2) |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Performance Right in Sound Recordings |
|
|
220 | (1) |
|
|
221 | (1) |
|
|
222 | (1) |
|
Foundation of the Right: ``Droit Moral'' |
|
|
222 | (4) |
|
Denial of Direct Recognition |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
Crimi v. Rutgers Presbyterian Church |
|
|
226 | (2) |
|
Movement Toward Indirect Recognition |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
Gilliam v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. |
|
|
228 | (4) |
|
Note: A Question of Values |
|
|
232 | (1) |
|
State Statutory Responses |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
The Berne Convention, Moral Rights, and the Copyright Act |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
Section 106A: The Visual Artists Rights Act |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
Martin v. City of Indianapolis |
|
|
235 | (4) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
The ``Quasi Copyrights'' of the DMCA |
|
|
239 | (21) |
|
The Digital Millennium Copyright Act-Generally |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
Access Limitation-Anti-Circumvention Protection |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley |
|
|
241 | (18) |
|
Copyright Management Information |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Copyright Ownership and Transfer |
|
|
260 | (64) |
|
The Ownership Interest and its Transfer |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
The Intangible Interest and the Tangible Object |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
|
261 | (1) |
|
Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Dumas |
|
|
261 | (4) |
|
|
265 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
|
266 | (1) |
|
Larry Spier, Inc. v. Bourne Co. |
|
|
267 | (4) |
|
Preservation of Rights in Derivative Works |
|
|
271 | (1) |
|
Mills Music, Inc. v. Synder |
|
|
272 | (6) |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
``Authorship'' v. ``Ownership'' |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
|
279 | (7) |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
287 | (1) |
|
New York Times Company, Inc. v. Tasini |
|
|
287 | (12) |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
The Work for Hire Doctrine |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Works Prepared by an Employee Within the Scope of Employment |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid |
|
|
300 | (6) |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Carter v. Helmsley-Spear, Inc. |
|
|
307 | (6) |
|
Specially Commissioned Works |
|
|
313 | (1) |
|
Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Dumas |
|
|
313 | (9) |
|
Formalities: Notice and Registration |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (19) |
|
The Pre-1976 Act Scheme: Separate Initial and Renewal Terms |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Assignment of the Renewal Terms |
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
|
325 | (5) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
The Unitary Scheme Under the 1976 Act |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Works Created on or after January 1, 1978 |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Works Created but Not Published or Copyrighted Before January 1, 1978 |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Works in Copyright Prior to January 1, 1978 |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
The Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998 |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
332 | (8) |
|
Restoration of Copyright in Certain Foreign Works |
|
|
340 | (1) |
|
When Works Pass Into the Public Domain |
|
|
341 | (2) |
|
Infringement: Substantive Analysis |
|
|
343 | (138) |
|
Actionable Copying: ``Substantial Similarity'' |
|
|
343 | (44) |
|
Circumstantial Proof of Copying |
|
|
343 | (1) |
|
Analytic Tools - Levels of Abstraction |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Nichols v. Universal Pictures Corp. |
|
|
344 | (4) |
|
Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corporation |
|
|
348 | (7) |
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Dissection and ``Total Concept and Feel'' |
|
|
356 | (1) |
|
Castle Rock Entertainment, Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group |
|
|
357 | (5) |
|
Substantial Similarity and Non-Literal Similarity Revisited |
|
|
362 | (2) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Ringgold v. Black Entertainment Television Inc. |
|
|
364 | (6) |
|
``Extrinsic/Intrinsic'' Analysis |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
|
370 | (4) |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
The Ninth Circuit - ``Objective'' and ``Subjective'' Analysis |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
375 | (3) |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
Summary Judgment and the Roles of Court, Jury, and Experts |
|
|
378 | (2) |
|
Three Boys Music Corp. v. Bolton |
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
The ``Ordinary Observer'' Test |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Dawson v. Hinshaw Music Inc. |
|
|
383 | (4) |
|
Actionable Copying: Access |
|
|
387 | (11) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Access and ``Subconscious'' Copying |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Three Boys Music Corp. v. Bolton |
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
The ``Inverse Ratio Rule'' and ``Striking Similarity'' |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
391 | (7) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
Non-Infringing Copying: Fair Use |
|
|
398 | (83) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
|
398 | (1) |
|
The 1976 Act Codification |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
General Application of §107 |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
The ``Preamble'' and the Factors |
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios |
|
|
401 | (5) |
|
Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. v. Nation Enterprises |
|
|
406 | (8) |
|
Sony, Harper & Row, and ``Productive Use'' |
|
|
414 | (1) |
|
Fair use of Unpublished Works |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
|
415 | (1) |
|
Los Angeles News Service v. KCAL-TV Channel 9 |
|
|
416 | (3) |
|
The Sony ``Presumptions'' |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Campbell and Transformative Use |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. |
|
|
419 | (7) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Castle Rock Entertainment, Inc. v. Carol Pub. Group, Inc. |
|
|
427 | (4) |
|
Sony Computer Entertainment America, Inc. v. Bleem, LLC |
|
|
431 | (5) |
|
Ringgold v. Black Entertainment Television Inc. |
|
|
436 | (3) |
|
Note: ``Potential Market,'' ``Circularity,'' and Criticism |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
Controversy in the Circuits |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc. |
|
|
441 | (6) |
|
Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corporation |
|
|
447 | (5) |
|
Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Company |
|
|
452 | (5) |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Sony Computer Entertainment America, Inc. v. Connectix Corporation |
|
|
457 | (8) |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Research. Scholarly and Academic Uses |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Copying for Commercially Supported Research |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
American Geophysical Union v. Texaco Inc. |
|
|
466 | (13) |
|
First Amendment, Public Policy, and, Other Factors |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
Infringement: Procedural Analysis |
|
|
481 | (70) |
|
Subject Matter Jurisdiction |
|
|
481 | (19) |
|
Exclusive Federal Jurisdiction: Claims ``Arising Under'' the Copyright Act |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Bassett v. Mashantucket Pequot Tribe |
|
|
482 | (7) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Claims Involving Foreign Acts of Infringement |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
Los Angeles News Service v. Reuters Television Int'l., Ltd. |
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
Foreign Contacts and Choice of Law |
|
|
492 | (1) |
|
Itar-Tass Russian News Agency v. Russian Kurier, Inc. |
|
|
493 | (7) |
|
|
500 | (6) |
|
Generally - The Eleventh Amendment |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Congressional Abrogation and the Supreme Court |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Chavez v. Arte Publico Press |
|
|
502 | (4) |
|
Federal Preemption of State Law Claims |
|
|
506 | (38) |
|
Constitutional Preemption: Supremacy v. Exclusivity |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
Exclusivity: Sears, Roebuck v. Stiffel: Compco v. Day-Brite |
|
|
506 | (2) |
|
|
508 | (2) |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc. |
|
|
510 | (4) |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
Orson, Inc. v. Miramax Film Corp. |
|
|
515 | (4) |
|
Note: Equivalence and Subject Matter |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
``Misappropriation'' Claims |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
National Basketball Association v. Motorola, Inc. |
|
|
521 | (9) |
|
Premption and the Right of Publicity |
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
Baltimore Orioles v. Major League Baseball Players |
|
|
530 | (3) |
|
|
533 | (3) |
|
|
536 | (1) |
|
Contracts and ``Shrink Wrap Licenses'' |
|
|
537 | (1) |
|
ProCD, Incorporated v. Zeidenberg |
|
|
537 | (5) |
|
|
542 | (2) |
|
Personal Jurisdiction, Venue, and Standing |
|
|
544 | (4) |
|
Mink v. AAAA Development LLC |
|
|
545 | (2) |
|
Note: Statute of Limitations |
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
The Defense of Copyright Misuse |
|
|
548 | (3) |
|
Remedies and the Ambit of Liability |
|
|
551 | (48) |
|
Vicarious and Contributory Infringement |
|
|
551 | (19) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
Products that Support Infringement: the Sony Test |
|
|
552 | (1) |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Fonovisa, Inc. v. Cherry Auction, Inc. |
|
|
553 | (4) |
|
A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. |
|
|
557 | (6) |
|
Special Limitation on Liability for Online Infringement |
|
|
563 | (2) |
|
ALS Scan, Inc. v. RemarQ Communities, Inc. |
|
|
565 | (5) |
|
|
570 | (21) |
|
Generally, the Array of Civil Remedies for Infringement |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
570 | (1) |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Provable Damages and Profits |
|
|
571 | (1) |
|
Cream Records Inc. v. Joseph Schlitz Brewing Co. |
|
|
572 | (3) |
|
Frank Music Corp. v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. |
|
|
575 | (2) |
|
Frank Music Corp. v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. |
|
|
577 | (3) |
|
|
580 | (2) |
|
Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc. |
|
|
582 | (4) |
|
Impoundment and Related Relief |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
586 | (5) |
|
|
591 | (8) |
|
|
592 | (7) |
Index |
|
599 | |