
Classic Philosophical Questions
by Gould, James A.; Mulvaney, Robert J.-
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Summary
Table of Contents
Preface | p. xiii |
Plato and the Trial of Socrates | |
What Is Philosophy? | |
Euthyphro: Defining Philosophical Terms | p. 1 |
The Apology, Phaedo, and Crito: The Trial, Immortality, and Death of Socrates | p. 12 |
Philosophy of Religion | |
Can We Prove That God Exists? | |
St. Anselm: The Ontological Argument | p. 37 |
St. Thomas Aquinas: The Cosmological Argument | p. 43 |
William Paley: The Teleological Argument | p. 50 |
Blaise Pascal: It Is Better to Believe in God's Existence Than to Deny It | p. 56 |
William James: Free Choice Is the Basis of Belief | p. 62 |
Does the Idea of a Good God Exclude Evil? | |
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: God Can Allow Some Evil | p. 72 |
David Hume: A Good God Would Exclude Evil | p. 83 |
Ethics | |
Are Ethics Relative? | |
Ruth Benedict: Ethics Are Relative | p. 91 |
W.T. Stace: Ethics Are Not Relative | p. 99 |
Are Humans Always Selfish? | |
Humans Are Always Selfish: Glaucon's Challenge to Socrates | p. 111 |
James Rachels: Humans Are Not Always Selfish | p. 115 |
Which Is Basic in Ethics: Happiness or Obligation? | |
Aristotle: Happiness Is Living Virtuously | p. 127 |
Jeremy Bentham: Happiness Is Seeking the Greatest Pleasure for the Greatest Number of People | p. 137 |
Immanuel Kant: Duty Is Prior to Happiness | p. 146 |
Friedrich Nietzsche: Happiness Is Having Power | p. 160 |
Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialist Ethics | p. 168 |
Rosemarie Tong: Feminist Ethics Are Different | p. 178 |
Two Contemporary Moral Problems: Abortion, Animal Rights | |
Jane English: Are Most Abortions Moral? | p. 196 |
The Animal Rights Issue | |
Peter Singer: Do Animals Have Rights? | p. 207 |
Knowledge | |
What Is Knowledge? | |
Plato: Knowledge Is "Warranted, True Belief" | p. 221 |
What Method Is Best for Acquiring Knowledge? | |
Charles Sanders Peirce: Four Approaches to Philosophy | p. 231 |
How Do We Acquire Knowledge? | |
Rene Descartes: Knowledge Is Not Ultimately Sense Knowledge | p. 242 |
John Locke: Knowledge Is Ultimately Sensed | p. 254 |
Immanuel Kant: Knowledge Is Both Rational and Empirical | p. 267 |
How Is Truth Established? | |
Bertrand Russell: Truth Is Established by Correspondence | p. 276 |
Francis. H. Bradley: Truth Is Established by Coherence | p. 283 |
William James: Truth Is Established on Pragmatic Grounds | p. 290 |
Can We Know the Nature of Causal Relations? | |
David Hume: Cause Means Regular Association | p. 298 |
David Hume: There Are No Possible Grounds for Induction | p. 305 |
Metaphysics | |
Why Is There Something Rather Than Nothing? | |
Parmenides: Being Is Uncaused | p. 317 |
Lao-Tzu: Non-Being Is the Source of Being | p. 323 |
Is Reality General or Particular? | |
Plato: Universals Are Real | p. 329 |
David Hume: Particulars Are Real | p. 339 |
Of What Does Reality Consist? | |
Rene Descartes: Reality Consists of Mind and Matter | p. 345 |
Paul Churchland: Reality Consists of Matter | p. 352 |
George Berkeley: Reality Consists of Ideas | p. 360 |
John Dewey: Reality Consists of Mental and Physical Qualities | p. 373 |
Are Humans Free? | |
Holbach: Humans Are Determined | p. 382 |
Robert Kane: Humans Are Free | p. 392 |
Social and Political Philosophy | |
What Is Liberty? | |
Fyodor Dostoevski: Liberty and Authority | p. 409 |
John Stuart Mill: Liberty Is Independence from the Majority's Tyranny | p. 422 |
Martin Luther King Jr.: Liberty and Racial Prejudice | p. 434 |
Which Government Is Best? | |
Thomas Hobbes: Monarchy Is Best | p. 445 |
John Locke: Democracy Is Best | p. 453 |
Karl Marx: Communism and Nonalienated Labor Is Best | p. 460 |
Alexis de Tocqueville: Democracy Can Have Serious Problems | p. 476 |
Karl Popper: Utopias Lead to Violence | p. 484 |
Aesthetics | |
What Constitutes the Experience of Beauty? | |
Plotinus: Beauty, Sensuous and Ideal | p. 495 |
What Is the Function of Art? | |
Aristotle: The Nature of Tragedy | p. 505 |
Henri Bergson: The Nature of Comedy | p. 514 |
Philosophy and the Good Life | |
Two Classic Views of the Good Life | |
Epicurus and the Pleasant Life | p. 525 |
Epictetus and the Life of Self-Control | p. 534 |
What Gives Life Meaning? | |
Leo Tolstoy: Faith Provides Life's Meaning | p. 541 |
Albert Camus: Each Person Determines His or Her Life's Meaning | p. 553 |
What Is the Value of Philosophy? | |
Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy | p. 565 |
Glossary | p. 572 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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