Summary
The authors present the complete guide to ANSI standard C language programming. Written by the developers of C, this new version helps readers keep up with the finalized ANSI standard for C while showing how to take advantage of C's rich set of operators, economy of expression, improved control flow, and data structures. The 2/E has been completely rewritten with additional examples and problem sets to clarify the implementation of difficult language constructs. For years, C programmers have let K&R guide them to building well-structured and efficient programs. Now this same help is available to those working with ANSI compilers. Includes detailed coverage of the C language plus the official C language reference manual for at-a-glance help with syntax notation, declarations, ANSI changes, scope rules, and the list goes on and on.
Author Biography
Brian W. Kernighan works in the Computing Science Research Center at Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies. He is Consulting Editor for Addison-Wesley's Professional Computing Series and the author, with Dennis Ritchie, of The C Programming Language.
Dennis Ritchie was a computer scientist notable for his influence on ALTRAN, B, BCPL, C, Multics, and Unix.
Table of Contents
Preface |
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ix | (2) |
Preface to the First Edition |
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xi | |
Introduction |
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1 | (4) |
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Chapter 1. A Tutorial Introduction |
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5 | (30) |
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5 | (3) |
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1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions |
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8 | (5) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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1.5 Character Input and Output |
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15 | (7) |
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22 | (2) |
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24 | (3) |
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1.8 Arguments--Call by Value |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (3) |
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1.10 External Variables and Scope |
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31 | (4) |
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Chapter 2. Types, Operators, and Expressions |
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35 | (20) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (3) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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2.6 Relational and Logical Operators |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (4) |
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2.8 Increment and Decrement Operators |
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46 | (2) |
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48 | (2) |
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2.10 Assignment Operators and Expressions |
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50 | (1) |
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2.11 Conditional Expressions |
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51 | (1) |
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2.12 Precedence and Order of Evaluation |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (12) |
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3.1 Statements and Blocks |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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60 | (3) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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Chapter 4. Functions and Program Structure |
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67 | (26) |
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67 | (4) |
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4.2 Functions Returning Non-integers |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (7) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (2) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (5) |
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Chapter 5. Pointers and Arrays |
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93 | (34) |
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5.1 Pointers and Addresses |
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93 | (2) |
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5.2 Pointers and Function Arguments |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (4) |
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5.5 Character Pointers and Functions |
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104 | (3) |
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5.6 Pointer Arrays; Pointers to Pointers |
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107 | (3) |
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5.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays |
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110 | (3) |
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5.8 Initialization of Pointer Arrays |
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113 | (1) |
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5.9 Pointers vs. Multi-dimensional Arrays |
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113 | (1) |
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5.10 Command-line Arguments |
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114 | (4) |
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5.11 Pointers to Functions |
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118 | (4) |
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5.12 Complicated Declarations |
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122 | (5) |
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127 | (24) |
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127 | (2) |
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6.2 Structures and Functions |
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129 | (3) |
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132 | (4) |
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6.4 Pointers to Structures |
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136 | (3) |
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6.5 Self-referential Structures |
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139 | (4) |
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143 | (3) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (2) |
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Chapter 7. Input and Output |
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151 | (18) |
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7.1 Standard Input and Output |
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151 | (2) |
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7.2 Formatted Output--Printf |
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153 | (2) |
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7.3 Variable-length Argument Lists |
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155 | (2) |
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7.4 Formatted Input -- Scanf |
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157 | (3) |
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160 | (3) |
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7.6 Error Handling--Stderr and Exit |
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163 | (1) |
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7.7 Line Input and Output |
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164 | (2) |
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7.8 Miscellaneous Functions |
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166 | (3) |
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Chapter 8. The UNIX System Interface |
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169 | (22) |
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169 | (1) |
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8.2 Low Level I/O -- Read and Write |
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170 | (2) |
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8.3 Open, Creat, Close, Unlink |
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172 | (2) |
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8.4 Random Access -- Lseek |
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174 | (1) |
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8.5 Example--An Implementation of Fopen and Getc |
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175 | (4) |
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8.6 Example--Listing Directories |
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179 | (6) |
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8.7 Example--A Storage Allocator |
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185 | (6) |
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Appendix A. Reference Manual |
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191 | (50) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (3) |
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194 | (1) |
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A4 Meaning of Identifiers |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (3) |
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200 | (10) |
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210 | (12) |
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222 | (3) |
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A10 External Declarations |
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225 | (2) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (6) |
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234 | (7) |
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Appendix B. Standard Library |
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241 | (18) |
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B1 Input and Output: [stdio.h] |
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241 | (7) |
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B2 Character Class Tests: [ctype.h] |
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248 | (1) |
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B3 String Functions: [string.h] |
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249 | (1) |
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B4 Mathematical Functions: [math.h] |
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250 | (1) |
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B5 Utility Functions: [stdlib.h] |
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251 | (2) |
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B6 Diagnostics: [assert.h] |
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253 | (1) |
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B7 Variable Argument Lists: [stdarg.h] |
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254 | (1) |
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B8 Non-local Jumps: [setjmp.h] |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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B10 Date and Time Functions: [time.h] |
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255 | (2) |
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B11 Implementation-defined Limits: [limits.h] and [float.h] |
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257 | (2) |
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Appendix C. Summary of Changes |
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259 | (4) |
Index |
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263 | |
Excerpts
Preface The computing world has undergone a revolution since the publication of The C Programming Languagein 1978. Big computers are much bigger, and personal computers have capabilities that rival the mainframes of a decade ago. During this time, C has changed too, although only modestly, and it has spread far beyond its origins as the language of the UNIX operating system. The growing popularity of C, the changes in the language over the years, and the creation of compilers by groups not involved in its design, combined to demonstrate a need for a more precise and more contemporary definition of the language than the First edition of this book provided. In 1983, the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) established a committee whose goal was to produce "an unambiguous and machine-independent definition of the language C," while still retaining its spirit. The result is the ANSI standard for C. The standard formalizes constructions that were hinted at but not described in the first edition, particularly structure assignment and enumerations. It provides a new form of function declaration that permits cross-checking of defini-tion with use. It specifies a standard library, with an extensive set of functions for performing input and output, memory management, string manipulation, and similar tasks. It makes precise the behavior of features that were not spelled out in the original definition, and at the same time states explicitly which aspects of the language remain machine-dependent. This second edition of The C Programming Languagedescribes C as defined by the ANSI standard. Although we have noted the places where the language has evolved, we have chosen to write exclusively in the new form. For the most part, this makes no significant difference; the most visible change is the new form of function declaration and definition. Modern compilers already support most features of the standard. We have tried to retain the brevity of the first edition. C is not a big language, and it is not well served by a big book. We have improved the exposition of critical features, such as pointers, that are central to C programming. We have refined the original examples, and have added new examples in several chapters. For instance, the treatment of complicated declarations is augmented by programs that convert declarations into words and vice versa. As before, all examples have been tested directly from the text, which is in machine-readable form. Appendix A, the reference manual, is not the standard, but our attempt to convey the essentials of the standard in a smaller space. It is meant for easy comprehension by programmers, but not as a definition for compiler writersN that role properly belongs to the standard itself. Appendix B is a summary of the facilities of the standard library. It too is meant for reference by programmers, not implementers. Appendix C is a concise summary of the changes from the original version. As we said in the preface to the first edition, C "wears well as one''s experience with it grows." With a decade more experience, we still feel that way. We hope that this book will help you to learn C and to use it well. Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie Preface to the First Edition C is a general-purpose programming language which features economy of expression, modern control flow and data structures, and a rich set of operators. C is not a "very high level" language, nor a "big" one, and is not specialized to any particular area of application. But its absence of restrictions and its generality make it more convenient and effective for many tasks than supposedly more powerful languages. C was originally designed for and implemented on the UNIX operating sys-tem on the DEC PDP-1 1, by Dennis Ritchie. The operating system, the C compiler, and essentially all UNIX applications programs (including all of the software used to prepare this book) are written in C. Production compilers also exist for several other machines, including the IBM System/370, the Honeywell 6000, and the Interdata 8/32. C is not tied to any particular hardware or system, however, and it is easy to write programs that will run without change on any machine that supports C. This book is meant to help the reader learn how to program in C. It contains a tutorial introduction to get new users started as soon as possible, separate chapters on each major feature, and a reference manual. Most of the treatment is based on reading, writing and revising examples, rather than on mere statements of rules. For the most part, the examples are complete, real programs, rather than isolated fragments. All examples have been tested directly from the text, which is in machine-readable form. Besides showing how to make effective use of the language, we have also tried where possible to illustrate useful algorithms and principles of good style and sound design. The book is not an introductory programming manual; it assumes some familiarity with basic programming concepts like variables, assignment statements, loops, and functions. Nonetheless, a novice programmer should be able to read along and pick up the language, although access to a more knowledgeable colleague will help. In our experience, C has proven to be a pleasant, expressive, and versatile language for a wide variety of programs. It is easy to learn, and it wears well as one''s experience with it grows. We hope that this book will help you to use it well. Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M. Ritchie